Are you the kind of professional who is constantly looking to improve your network's performance?

Would you welcome new ideas and guidance on how to optimise your IT infrastructure?

The following summaries are taken from detailed reports provided by Royce.

They will help you increase your knowledge, identify opportunities to fine-tune your network efficiency, and plan for future upgrades and improvements.

Technology Trends, Bandwidth Needs,and the Cabling Decisions you'll have to take

Dramatic increases in PC performance over recent years continue to be reflected in the network traffic they generate. The potential of PCs to utilise network bandwidth is still far from fully realised by current business software, but the upward trend is clearly evident.

The PC's growing ability to handle telecommunications, video and multimedia, as well as data, is causing all these elements to converge on the same networks.This convergence, combined with rapid growth in the individual areas, is increasing demand for network capacity.

In turn, pressure on cabling infrastructure is also growing and decisions on its future are becoming more important to an organisation's survival and success.

As a rule-of-thumb, each GIPS (billion instructions per second) handled by the CPU can produce 1 Gb/s of LAN traffic. Using this rule, a measure of the emerging challenge can be gained from predictions that CPUs operating at 100 GIPS will be widely used within the life of a new cabling system.

High-speed LAN applications, such as Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, are making this communications potential easier to utilise. Software developers will be quick to capitalise on the new opportunities this creates to produce more powerful applications, just as they have taken advantage of higher CPU speeds.

At the same time, cost driven changes in the way organisations operate and are managed is generating demand for bandwidth-hungry applications. Flatter hierarchies and greater devolution, for instance, mean that more people are making decisions about their own actions.

To do this effectively, they must have fast access to information and training, so data flow through the organisation needs to be quicker and more efficient. Not only text, but graphics and images are being used to help people at all levels assimilate the information they need.

This is increasing average file size dramatically, putting additional pressure on the network infrastructure.

Even if such innovations realise only 10% of the PC's communication potential, today's rate of CPU speed increase means the trend towards 10-gigabit links in the backbone (and eventually to the desktop) is justified.

Over this time, traffic patterns will continue to change. Use of network PCs, for instance, can be expected to alter the traffic balance from local workgroup to remote, resulting in disproportionate growth in loads on backbone systems.

Whatever LAN application is chosen in response to these developments, the cabling infrastructure will be an increasingly vital investment.

Cabling is the central nervous system of any organisation and must be fit to meet the impending bandwidth challenge - a must for any forward thinking customer.

Factors Driving Demand For Network Bandwidth

Progress is relentless; new technologies spur new application development and new applications, in turn, fuel the need for further technology advancements. In a relatively short time span, network connections have evolved from shared or switched Ethernet to switched Fast and Gigabit Ethernet to accommodate rising bandwidth demand.

Within the enterprise networks, business applications are now advancing to embrace high-resolution graphics, video and other rich media types that exceed the capacity of even Gigabit Ethernet performance. This generation of bandwidth-intensive applications can be organised into four categories:

• Scientific modelling, publication and medical imaging applications produce multimedia and graphic files that are ballooning in size from megabytes to gigabytes to terabytes.
• Internet and intranet applications create unpredictable any-to-any traffic patterns. Increasingly, with servers distributed across the enterprise and users accessing Web sites inside and outside the corporate network, there is no way to predict where traffic will go.
• Data warehousing and backup applications handle gigabytes or terabytes of data distributed among hundreds of servers and storage systems.
• Bandwidth-intensive groupware applications such as desktop video conferencing, interactive whiteboarding and real-time video that support mission-critical business applications not only require more raw bandwidth, they also demand low latency and limited jitter to be effective.

To read more about how to best plan for the increased demands your business will inevitably place on your network...and how you can embrace new cabling technology to enable this cost-effectively, please complete the form at the bottom of the page.

If you are responsible for developing your network strategy and would like more detailed information on any of the topics covered, talk to one of our consultants.

Call us on 0845 833 1163 or email advice@roycecomms.com

Don't forget to claim your FREE Guide to Networks and Connectivity

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Foundations of the 4th Utility

Using dedicated infrastructures for different systems is a tradition that's slow to die - now the era of new energy efficiency control systems is making the savings offered by integrated building infrastructure hard to ignore...

Doing things the way they've always been done is a comfortable approach that leads to a false sense of security that everything will go well. But, for building infrastructures, sticking to tradition comes at a high price.

Using separate networks for data/voice, environmental control, security surveillance or other systems can seriously damage your profits.

A study by the Building Technologies Group in the UK showed a reduction of 23 percent in capital expenditure achieved by converging IT and building systems networks.

Even more important, the study reports savings of 30 percent on operating expenses. As labour costs rise and there are demands to connect more systems via the network infrastructure, these savings will go on increasing.

Every year, building automation systems are growing in complexity. Much of this is the result of new regulations to improve employee's working conditions and safety. Added to this is a stream of new regulations and directives in the pipeline to make buildings 'greener' and more energy efficient.

Since 75 percent of a building's total lifecycle cost is operating expenses, any savings here are especially valuable. They raise net income, improve return on investment and allow space to be let profitably at prices that ensure consistently high occupancy.

Cutting Costs and Saving the Planet... It's becoming the law!

If the cost and environmental benefits of managing energy usage don't persuade owners and developers to install improved control systems, then new laws soon will.

To comply with the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union Energy Performance of Building Directive became mandatory from January 2006. This requires energy performance certification and energy demand management in all new and refurbished buildings of more than 1000m2.

Even tougher laws to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions can be expected in the future, not only in Europe but also worldwide. In response, suppliers of building control systems are introducing sophisticated new solutions.

A common theme in these new solutions is the expanded use of IP (Internet Protocol) to enable communication between a wide array of devices, and as we know from traditional LAN networking today, this in turn will drive the use of standard structured cabling systems for these control systems.

This makes the move to a common network and cabling infrastructure for voice/data and building automation systems much easier.

Not only does using one high performance infrastructure to replace several dedicated ones save money today, it also opens the way to greater savings in the future.

High quality, standards-based structured cabling will easily support growing numbers of sensors and controllers needed by new, energy saving systems.

As additional regulations accelerate the adoption and deployment of these new building control systems, owners of buildings with disparate infrastructures will face performance and management problems. In contrast, well designed,high bandwidth structured cabling systems can support and be adapted to the needs of legacy control systems today, while in addition will meet the requirements of vital systems for 20 years or more.

Being at the forefront of cabling development is essential, not just for network intensive systems used in the voice and data networks of most modern enterprises, but also in testing and qualifying traditional building control and automation systems usually associated with proprietary cabling media, to operate over standard structured cabling.

Using high performance twisted-pair copper cable in horizontal connections and multimode fibre in the network backbone will support the wide range of a building's IT and other services. This has become the blue-print for the ANSI/TIA/EIA-862 cabling standard for Building Automation Systems that specifies a generic cabling system for BAS for use in commercial buildings.

While using the right cabling removes performance barriers to integration, standardising on Ethernet interfaces and RJ45 connectors is removing the practical obstacles. Many new building automation and security devices include these and can be plugged directly into the data network.

To read more about how to best plan for the increased demands your business will inevitably place on your network...and how you can embrace new cabling technology to enable this cost-effectively, please complete the form at the bottom of the page.

If you are responsible for developing your network strategy and would like more detailed information on any of the topics covered, talk to one of our consultants.

Call us on 0845 833 1163 or email advice@roycecomms.com

Don't forget to claim your FREE Guide to Networks and Connectivity

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Converging Communication Networks - Emerging Cabling Considerations

Where Do You Want to Be Tomorrow, and How Will You Get There?

Understanding the Concept of "Convergence"

Senior managers comfortable with IT issues are feverishly asking, "So, what is our convergence strategy?"- whilst the less IT fluent are asking "why do IT managers care so deeply about convergence; what's all the fuss about?.

The popular view is that in convergence, all information (data files, voice calls, e-mails, video streams, etc.) becomes bits and bytes. The information is easily created, processed, stored and communicated and can be accessed from anywhere, at any time.

In addition, the application of new Information Technology (IT) capabilities has set in motion revolutionary changes in the nature of work-how it is performed, by whom, where and when.

One need look no further than the profound impact of the xNets (Internet, Intranets, and Extranets) in the last few years, as they have redefined peoples' relationships inside enterprises and with suppliers, customers, friends and family.

The challenge is to ensure that this revolution sits on a flexible and evolving IT foundation that is "futureready" -that is, revolutionary when it needs to be and user friendly all the time.

The Challenges facing Managers of Cabling Infrastructures While IT managers tend to function mostly in real time, meeting evolving needs and handling crises, they also worry about how to get to where they need to be tomorrow.

Their jobs are to anticipate, meet and (hopefully) exceed business needs and objectives to the satisfaction of everyone from managers and internal end users to external customers, partners and suppliers.

And they must do it all while considering how competitive global issues and information technology can impact their job-roles.

What these managers really need are answers to these four key performance/value questions on IT cabling:

• How can I, on behalf of our business, get the desired results in the best way possible while working within specific parameters for cost, reliability, security, grade and quality of service, bandwidth, etc.?
• How can I be sure that the end results are compelling -i.e. that they satisfy or exceed the established outcome criteria?
• How can I satisfy the needs of those who turn to me and my organisation for IT support?
• Who is the best vendor(s) to take our infrastructure to where it must be while ensuring maximum performance, easy accommodation to dynamic changes and minimal total cost of ownership on budgets, staff and end users?

The answers to these questions go to the heart of why any enterprise buys IT cabling. It is ultimately all about a foundation for people and work and in this regard, the cabling infrastructure must:

• Please customers - internal and external
• Increase productivity by helping people manage their time better and by shortening move, add, change (MAC) processes and/or response times
• Increase revenues by speeding response times, easily expanding to accommodate higher speed applications and pleasing customers
• Cut costs for the creation and delivery of network services, the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure and any potential expansion
• Solve unscheduled business issues such as network downtime and human error

The focus of IT cabling has undergone a not-so-subtle shift. Qualitative assessments such as performance, ease of use and value have superseded quantitative measures like speed, power and cost as the true drivers of technology deployment.

IT managers want to know as much about what a cabling solution will do for them as about what it does.

And technology for technology's sake has taken a deserved back seat to using technology to enable business success.

In addition, it is important to acknowledge that there is no one path or a single "correct" timetable to the promised converged infrastructure of the future. There are only options and issues that need to be constantly evaluated in the light of changing internal and external circumstances.

And every organisation will need to be transitioned to this future a little differently. Thus, every IT manager wants to know "Which cabling partner can I trust on this journey to the future?"

What these managers want is a vendor who has:

• A vision of the future that has credibility - not just a technology blueprint but also a clear view of cabling and networking innovations and investment
• The intellectual and financial resources to work with customers to execute activities against agreed-upon project plans
• A willingness to respond quickly and effectively to changed circumstances, often anywhere in the world

In short, what they desire is a strategic supplier who is willing to share the risks as well as the rewards.

Technology and Market Trends: Why Should I Care? And, What's the Rush?

IT Managers are looking for:

• Lower costs of ownership
• Lower costs of operation
• Retaining higher returns from previous investments
• Smoothing the way for cost effective migration to next-generation requirements/li>
• Enhancing asset performance while investing in fewer employees
• Creating an infrastructure environment that is always available, always working at peak efficiency and totally secure
• Dealing with suppliers who are reliable and accountable

Installing high performance, innovative cabling solutions to make the network more responsive, reliable and easy to manage speaks directly to people issues and ultimately, bottom line concerns.

In other words, giving end users the tools and infrastructure to enable personalised/customised access to synchronised information, anywhere, any time, is not just cost-effective networking but also good business sense.

For an informal discussion of the cabling and IT infrastructure issues facing your organisation, please call one of our cabling experts.

They will help you explore the options open to you, and point you in the right direction for further advice or a detailed assessment of your requirements.

If you are responsible for developing your network strategy and would like more detailed information on any of the topics covered, talk to one of our consultants.

Call us on 0845 833 1163 or email advice@roycecomms.com

Don't forget to claim your FREE Guide to Networks and Connectivity

Simply Click Here to claim your free guide

How To Calculate The Financial Benefit of Cabling Solutions That Enhance Network Performance

Often it's difficult for a network manager to justify to a non-technical management committee the expense of building a high-speed network and its related cabling infrastructure.

You know it will increase performance, thus saving time and making network users more productive. Productivity, however, can be a difficult thing to quantify.

Indeed, a high-performance cabling infrastructure may be helpful, even vital, to your organisation. But given the reluctance of the powers that be to spend money on anything that won't show a tangible economic benefit, how do you convince them to approve the expenditures to build one?

The answer is deceptively simple: Put a price on it.

Cost is always an issue no matter what financial position your organisation is in. Any management expects that the best pricing and value for money is achieved. However it is important to remember that the use of telecommunications as a strategic resource:

• Increases productivity
• Reduces costs
• Improves the bottom line

Sometimes the benefits are so obvious or overwhelming (or the costs of not making the investment are so horrendous) that no analysis need be done. This article, in contrast, focuses on the financial aspects that can influence the decision of whether or not to make a particular cabling investment.

It details the concepts of costs and benefits, assesses different Return On Investments (ROI) methods, and introduces commercial analysis data that can be used to show the potential benefit of superior cabling performance

COSTS OF CONVERTING TO HIGH PERFORMANCE CABLING

High-speed cabling and networking is not cheap, it's not easy, and consequently it should not be entered into lightly without careful planning and allocation of resources. Therefore, before you launch into an implementation project, it is recommended that you:

• Determine what benefits will be gained from your new infrastructure
• Carefully estimate the costs of converting to the new infrastructure

To speed or not to speed
Before you can estimate costs, you'll need to determine which parts of your network you want to upgrade, change or replace, or it may be a green-field site that is being considered.

This can be your most difficult planning task, because you'll want to implement enough to provide you with adequate bandwidth for the foreseeable future, but not implement any more than you can financially justify because of the perceived high costs associated with it.

A smooth road
You need to select the appropriate grade of your cabling infrastructure. Also, remember that new media will require new patch cables.

With wide-scale proliferation of Switch 10/100/1000 technology in the workgroup environment, users will face new challenges in the area of providing Gigabit options within the LAN. Acceptance of 10 Gigabit Ethernet as high-speed transport interconnecting the various Gigabit Ethernet workgroups is a natural next step.

Backbone migration: copper to multimode fibre - to single mode fibre

With added bandwidth capability being placed in the horizontal LAN, the case for fibre versus copper cabling in the riser is an easy decision. And for those customers who are looking for additional future proofing, a hybrid multimode/single mode fibre solution can be offered as a means of investment protection for little additional cost.

Due to the hierarchical nature of the LAN and the "funnelling" effects of LAN switching, the "need for speed" clearly grows the further one gets out from the desktop.

The natural evolution for the general business LAN over the next 5 years will involve a migration to switched 100 Mb/s; switched 1Gb/s at the desktop; switched 10 Gb/s capability first at the server interface and then in the building backbone; and finally switched multi-Gb/s, even potentially Tb/s, capability in the enterprise environment.

The backbone infrastructure portion will experience a similar migration over the same time period, with high performance UTP strongly positioned as the horizontal medium, laser optimised multimode fibre gradually moving to single mode fibre in the building backbone, and single mode fibre in the campus/office???.

Total and complete cost of ownership

As each building or campus is different, cabling costs are difficult to generalise and are most accurately assessed based on the proposed design/installation/environment.

In order to determine the best cabling infrastructure and relative costs to consider in any comparison, each organisation must evaluate their application needs, considering the various advantages of each cable type and their relative importance.

Cost, ease of installation, moves and additions, current and anticipated applications, and the expected life of the system are typically major decision factors.

Environmental considerations such as electrical noise and clean rooms may also influence the decision, as well as building type, industry sector, and cabling system ownership.

Organisations must consider and prioritise the following:

• The sophistication of their network applications
• The life expectancy of the network and cabling infrastructure
• The frequency of moves and changes
• The growth potential of their network over its expected life
• Any adverse physical conditions in the customer's LAN

The design, architecture and specification of the system should include the following 11 elements:

• Outlet density and presentation required
• Resilience
• Patch/jumper density
• Wiring closet/space requirements
• Media selection - UTP and /or fibre
• Media considerations - performance, physical hazards
• Cable containment including containment types (ducts, cable tray), and containment design (size, safety, segregation)
• Installation techniques and quality
• Adherence to standards
• Labelling, records and documentation
• Testing and certification

When evaluating cost, organisations should always think in terms of cost over the life of the cabling, rather than only the initial installation cost. Also compare the cost to electronic hardware that will be replaced several times over the lifetime of the cabling.

The lowest initial cabling cost is not always the cheapest in the long run,however once the contract is placed it is difficult to change. Considering cost should include the following:

• Initial installation cost, ensuring it covers adequately the specification to avoid unwanted extras and performance restrictions
• Administration, the network's ability to be easily and inexpensively reconfigured
• The ability to support ever increasing bandwidth and data rates in the future
• Maintenance, the effort required to keep the system operating
• Life cycle value, the assurance of a warranty covering the applications and hardware

Following the above guidance should result in a complete project cabling cost for any given copper and/or fibre type. These cabling options, and their associated costs, can then be compared to the potential benefits of each option.

If you have a forthcoming project, you could consider advice or help in the following three areas:

• Options for the design, architecture and specification of the system
• Identifying the initial project cost
• Quantifying the total cost of ownership of your network over it's likely lifetime

A Royce consultant will gladly provide an initial 20 minute telephone consultation without obligation, and answer any questions you may have.

If you are responsible for developing your network strategy and would like more detailed information on any of the topics covered, talk to one of our consultants.

Call us on 0845 833 1163 or email advice@roycecomms.com

Don't forget to claim your FREE Guide to Networks and Connectivity

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Performance, Price, Power - Understanding the Implications of 10GBASE-T

Of all the LAN protocols, Ethernet is clearly the market favourite. As Ethernet has evolved to higher-speed forms, it addressed the needs of customers with a cost-effective reliable solution to their data networking needs.

Additionally, switched Ethernet networks have shown themselves to be extremely robust, performing over every physical media layer available, from twisted pair cabling to all types of fibre-optic cabling.

As the demand for bandwidth continues to increase, the next step in the evolution of Ethernet has appeared - 10 Gigabit Ethernet.

The nature of technology development means that as higher capacity network equipment is introduced, new cabling systems that support that capacity are required and deployed.

The typical sequence of introduction is:

• R&D and planning start; industry study groups are formed
• Cabling and LAN standards groups are formed and draft proposed standards
• Cabling that anticipates the standards is introduced
• Standards are ratified and standards-based LAN equipment is introduced
• Standard cabling is widely installed in new and re-cabled facilities
• LAN equipment is deployed, first in the backbone, then in the horizontal
• Applications emerge that exploit the higher network speeds

The development of 10G has been and is currently following this sequence.

For enterprise LAN applications, 10GBASE-T Ethernet will enable network managers to scale their Ethernet networks from 10 Mb/s, 100 Mb/s or 1000 Mb/s to 10,000 Mb/s in one interface through auto-negotiation, while leveraging their investments in Ethernet as they increase their network performance.

For service provider metropolitan and wide-area applications, 10 Gigabit Ethernet will provide high-performance, cost-effective links that are easily managed with Ethernet tools and, with the adoption of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques, scale up to terabit speeds and beyond.

With WDM, hundreds and in the future thousands of 10 Gb/s channels can be transmitted onto a single fibre at different optical wavelengths or colours of light. 10G Ethernet lends itself to both fibre optic and copper based network technology and the choice will be dependent on cost, distance supported and complexity of implementation and configuration.

The initial 10-Gigabit Ethernet standard undertaken by the IEEE 802.3ae Committee, was published in 2002 and was based primarily on fibre optic technology.

Four optical transceivers were selected: LR - 1310 nm serial for singlemode fibre, ER- 1550 nm serial for singlemode fibre, SR - 850 nm serial for laser optimised multimode fibre (referred to as OM3 fibre in international standards), LX4 - 1310 nm wide wavelength division multiplexing (WWDM) for installed multimode fibre and singlemode fibre.

For the LAN environment, the options can be grouped into two segments: (1) requirements for 300 m that cover connections in the riser and the bulk of the enterprise fibre optic market in volume and (2) requirements for up to 100 m, covering data centre and wiring closet connections.

For data links to 300 m, the options are 10GBASE-LX4, LRM (supporting up to 220 meters over installed cabling), LR and SR. 10GBASE- LX4 and SR are the most widely supported IEEE 802.3ae interfaces in the Enterprise LAN market.

In addition, products in small form factors using the LC connector are emerging and present space savings in the electronic hardware.

Although the Enterprise 10G Ethernet fibre electronics are maturing and gaining acceptance, they still remain costly compared to potential copper interfaces. Hence, at shorter distances where there is a requirement for a greater number of links, the urge to develop copper based versions for 10G Ethernet is great.

At shorter lengths such as data links to 100 m that cover connections in data centres and in wiring closets, the options there include 10GBASE-SR, CX4 and T, the last two being electrical solutions.

10GBASE-CX4 only supports 15 m and is used with specialised cables, which are heavy due to shielding; length must be specified since the cable is not field-terminated and is expensive. CX4 has a unique opportunity to be used in wiring closets to connect aggregation switches to edge switches.

Ethernet's dominance in data communications has been enabled in part by cost-efficient operation over twisted-pair cabling and each operational speed has included a twisted-pair media option.

When IEEE once again added a zero to define the 10GBASE-T standard, many thought the speed of operation precluded ever considering operation over twisted pair cable.

However, the IEEE 802.3an Task Force is standardising 10G Ethernet over copper, thus enabling higher performance on relatively inexpensive media and lower cost electronic interfaces.

Despite the expected complexity of electronics to support 10GBASE-T, the objective for the project is "at least 55 m to 100 m" over Category 6 or better cabling, with low cost interfaces and acceptable power consumption levels.

As the chip designers further enhance technology and processes, novel techniques will no doubt be developed that will increase the minimum guaranteed distance, lower cost of implementation and lower the power required.

10G Ethernet technology continues to evolve, creating improvements that strongly support its wider adoption in growing segments of the computing market. Blade servers, networked enterprise switches, video servers and other applications can benefit now from 10G Ethernet speeds in storage, system backup, teleconferencing and surveillance systems.

Technical advances have enabled the higher density, reduced power and improved cost-effectiveness needed to attract all of the major system developers. The development of 10GBASE-T is expected to only accelerate this market acceptance and adoption.

For an informal discussion of how 10GBASE-T can be introduced into your IT infrastructure, and how it can help solve the ICT issues facing your organisation, please call one of our cabling experts.

They will help you explore the options open to you, and point you in the right direction for further advice or a detailed assessment of your requirements.

If you are responsible for developing your network strategy and would like more detailed information on any of the topics covered, talk to one of our consultants.

Call us on 0845 833 1163 or email advice@roycecomms.com

Don't forget to claim your FREE Guide to Networks and Connectivity

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Understanding the Bits that Hertz!

Megabits versus Megahertz - a layman's guide...

Often, confusion can arise for customers when assessing and specifying cabling system bandwidth and other performance requirements for current and future high-speed data applications.

The confusion relates to the terms 'Megabits per second' (Mb/s) and 'MegaHertz' (MHz), or 'Gigabits per second' (Gb/s) and 'GigaHertz' (GHz).

Mb/s and MHz are NOT the same thing although their numerical values may in some instances coincide.

Cabling transmission properties such as insertion loss and crosstalk are typically specified as a function of Hertz (Hz), or cycles per second.

Digital data is transmitted as a series of '0's and '1's, called bits. The speed at which these digital symbols are transmitted is measured in bits per second.

Simply put, 100 Mb/s (Ethernet) or 155 Mb/s (ATM) do not mean the system is operating at 100 MHz or 155 MHz respectively, and therefore the actual requirements for the cabling channel relies on an understanding of the relationship between the bit rate and the frequency.

This relationship is founded on what is known as bandwidth-efficient digital communication that is based on technology and science that has been around for decades.

The purpose of this document is to provide an introduction to bandwidth-efficient digital communication, and enable the reader to better understand how high-speed data protocols are transmitted over UTP cabling.

It cannot promise to detail the complete picture, but rather a basis for further understanding of how data is transmitted and received and how cabling performance can impact this.

In simple terms, there are three ways of transmitting higher bit rates over cabling, one is to improve the cabling performance, the second is to improve the technology in the electronics, and thirdly and more commonly is a requirement for a mixture of both.

Coding Schemes

Bandwidth-efficient line codes can be used to provide higher bit rates in a given bandwidth, or, alternatively, they can also be used to reduce the required bandwidth for a fixed bit rate.

Examples of the first type of uses of this technology were voiceband modems and digital radio.

The first bandwidth efficient data transmission schemes were developed about forty years ago for voiceband modem applications. Since then, the voiceband modem designers have always been at the forefront of the search for improved bandwidth efficiency.

This is mostly due to the low bit rates and small channel bandwidth (< 4kHz) that are involved in this application, which drove an early usage of advances in technology, such as digital signal processing.

To read more on how to assess and specify cabling system bandwidth and other performance requirements, simply fill in the form below and you will have instant access to the full article.

Alternatively, for an informal discussion with one of our technical experts, without obligation of any kind

If you are responsible for developing your network strategy and would like more detailed information on any of the topics covered, talk to one of our consultants.

Call us on 0845 833 1163 or email advice@roycecomms.com

Don't forget to claim your FREE Guide to Networks and Connectivity.

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